Article published in Mandolin .All rights reserved by the author and posted under his kind permission.
[Click here for printable tab notation for "The Rambler"]
Chances are, if you play the mandolin, you’ve played some Celtic tunes. There’s too much repertoire overlap among the Irish, Scottish, Old Time, New England, Canadian, and bluegrass musical worlds to avoid Celtic tunes for long. So in this column and the ones to follow, I plan to encourage you Celtic enthusiasts with hot tunes and technique tips. And I hope to pique the interest of the rest of you by showing how to twist a tune just a little to make it suddenly sound very Celtic indeed.
Let’s start with a definition. The term "Celtic" is a loose catch-all that includes traditions from Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, and one or two exotic corners of northern Spain. Most of us use the term to mean "Irish and Scottish," and that’s what I’ll do here, too. Mostly. But what makes a tune Celtic? That’s a fuzzier subject altogether.
There are about a bazillion Irish and Scottish dance tunes and airs. Thousands can be found in printed collections like the popular "O’Neill’s Music of Ireland." You could learn a new tune a day for the rest of your life and never cover even the good ones. But just reading an Irish tune out of a book won’t guarantee it coming out sounding "Irish." In addition to following the Celtic "shape" of the tune, a musician must play the tune with the proper rhythmic nuance and ornamentation to capture the full cultural flavor of the piece.
This is particularly difficult for mandolins. Why? Mandolins are relative newcomers in the trad scene in Ireland and Scotland. Their role in ensemble playing and versatility as both melodic and chordal instruments in the Celtic context have only flowered in the last few decades. And new instruments always start out trying to sound like old instruments.
So the upstart mandolins try to play ornamental turns and scratchy, diggy triplets the way the fiddles do. The fiddles, in turn, are still trying within their structural limitations to sound like bagpipes sounded centuries before. And the bagpipes and the flutes and so on go back through the centuries, eventually trying to imitate the sounds of the naked human voice singing in an ancient language none of us speak anymore.
But don’t panic. This is just the long historical context to get things started. The music right here and now is the fun part.
You’ll find mandolins in sessions (or seisiúns) both in North America and the British Isles, usually playing melodies in unison with everybody else except the bodhrán, or Irish drum, and the guitar. But some of the most interesting developments in Celtic ensemble playing in recent years has been dished up by players of larger mando cousins—double-course instruments called citterns or octave mandolins or Irish bouzoukis, with varying tunings and numbers of strings. And these new developments are just as appropriate and enjoyable for mandolins.
I first had my mind blown by the possibilities of an octave mandolin during a visit to Dublin in the late ‘70s। I heard a player cooking along behind the melody instruments, providing both open harmonic implications and a completely "un-guitar" percolating rhythmic engine that got right into my bones. I bought an octave mandolin the next day.
Let’s start with a definition. The term "Celtic" is a loose catch-all that includes traditions from Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, and one or two exotic corners of northern Spain. Most of us use the term to mean "Irish and Scottish," and that’s what I’ll do here, too. Mostly. But what makes a tune Celtic? That’s a fuzzier subject altogether.
There are about a bazillion Irish and Scottish dance tunes and airs. Thousands can be found in printed collections like the popular "O’Neill’s Music of Ireland." You could learn a new tune a day for the rest of your life and never cover even the good ones. But just reading an Irish tune out of a book won’t guarantee it coming out sounding "Irish." In addition to following the Celtic "shape" of the tune, a musician must play the tune with the proper rhythmic nuance and ornamentation to capture the full cultural flavor of the piece.
This is particularly difficult for mandolins. Why? Mandolins are relative newcomers in the trad scene in Ireland and Scotland. Their role in ensemble playing and versatility as both melodic and chordal instruments in the Celtic context have only flowered in the last few decades. And new instruments always start out trying to sound like old instruments.
So the upstart mandolins try to play ornamental turns and scratchy, diggy triplets the way the fiddles do. The fiddles, in turn, are still trying within their structural limitations to sound like bagpipes sounded centuries before. And the bagpipes and the flutes and so on go back through the centuries, eventually trying to imitate the sounds of the naked human voice singing in an ancient language none of us speak anymore.
But don’t panic. This is just the long historical context to get things started. The music right here and now is the fun part.
You’ll find mandolins in sessions (or seisiúns) both in North America and the British Isles, usually playing melodies in unison with everybody else except the bodhrán, or Irish drum, and the guitar. But some of the most interesting developments in Celtic ensemble playing in recent years has been dished up by players of larger mando cousins—double-course instruments called citterns or octave mandolins or Irish bouzoukis, with varying tunings and numbers of strings. And these new developments are just as appropriate and enjoyable for mandolins.
I first had my mind blown by the possibilities of an octave mandolin during a visit to Dublin in the late ‘70s। I heard a player cooking along behind the melody instruments, providing both open harmonic implications and a completely "un-guitar" percolating rhythmic engine that got right into my bones. I bought an octave mandolin the next day.
My instrument was made in England by Andrew Manson and has about the same scale length as a tenor banjo. I tune it like a mandolin an octave down. I’ve worked out the tunes and voicings and ornamental and accompaniment ideas I’ll include with these columns on my ax, but all should be fun with minor adjustments on mandolins, too.
So where to begin? Let’s start with a jig, the most "Irish" of dance rhythms. Here’s a lovely double jig called "The Rambler," learned from the pennywhistle playing of Liam O’Flynn. Single jigs and double jigs are both in 6/8 time. They’re danced differently, but if you’re not playing for dancers, you can feel free to mix and match them in medleys. Slip jigs are counted in 9/8 and we’ll tackle them in a future column.
When you’re trying to get as Irish as possible a pulse in a jig, you want to establish a strong right-hand picking direction pattern: DOWN up down DOWN up down. The 1 and 4 beats of the jig are the driving beats, so always hit them with a down stroke. "The Rambler" is a good exercise for this pattern, since it mixes quarter notes in with the eighth notes. This means that in the first full bar of the tune, you’ll be picking DOWN up down DOWN [blank] down. Your pick will be coming up on the 5 beat but not hitting the strings. And you’ll want to keep this internal move going all the way through, no matter where the longer notes are.
I’ve also noted some places where you can add in triplet ornaments once you’re comfortable with the tune. The "T" above the note indicates a place where you might want to tuck in a triplet. Expert players rarely play tunes through exactly the same way twice. One way to keep a tune interesting is to move the ornaments arou
nd. So consider each "T" to be an opportunity, not a command.
To get the proper timing for a triplet ornament on a quarter note, divide the note into four sixteenths and hit the first three of them। For great recorded examples of the Celtic triplet, check out Gerald Trimble’s cittern work on "First Fligh
t" (Green Linnet) and Gerry O’Connor’s surgically-precise banjo technique on "Time to Time" (Mulligan). Next time we’ll start in on jig accompaniment. By that time you should have "The Rambler" down cold. Enjoy!
So where to begin? Let’s start with a jig, the most "Irish" of dance rhythms. Here’s a lovely double jig called "The Rambler," learned from the pennywhistle playing of Liam O’Flynn. Single jigs and double jigs are both in 6/8 time. They’re danced differently, but if you’re not playing for dancers, you can feel free to mix and match them in medleys. Slip jigs are counted in 9/8 and we’ll tackle them in a future column.
When you’re trying to get as Irish as possible a pulse in a jig, you want to establish a strong right-hand picking direction pattern: DOWN up down DOWN up down. The 1 and 4 beats of the jig are the driving beats, so always hit them with a down stroke. "The Rambler" is a good exercise for this pattern, since it mixes quarter notes in with the eighth notes. This means that in the first full bar of the tune, you’ll be picking DOWN up down DOWN [blank] down. Your pick will be coming up on the 5 beat but not hitting the strings. And you’ll want to keep this internal move going all the way through, no matter where the longer notes are.
I’ve also noted some places where you can add in triplet ornaments once you’re comfortable with the tune. The "T" above the note indicates a place where you might want to tuck in a triplet. Expert players rarely play tunes through exactly the same way twice. One way to keep a tune interesting is to move the ornaments arou
nd. So consider each "T" to be an opportunity, not a command.To get the proper timing for a triplet ornament on a quarter note, divide the note into four sixteenths and hit the first three of them। For great recorded examples of the Celtic triplet, check out Gerald Trimble’s cittern work on "First Fligh
t" (Green Linnet) and Gerry O’Connor’s surgically-precise banjo technique on "Time to Time" (Mulligan). Next time we’ll start in on jig accompaniment. By that time you should have "The Rambler" down cold. Enjoy!
1 comment:
Thanks for this!
Really very helpful to this budding mandolin player!
Roger
Post a Comment